Although much research has looked at whether smoking marijuana might contribute to an increased risk of psychosis, comparatively few papers have applied the same investigative approach to tobacco
Nicotine and other tobacco smoke compounds decrease LES pressure, making it simpler for stomach contents to leak into the esophagus
More Hubbly (hookah) Facts: View Infographic: English | Afrikaans Hookah Fact Sheet English | Hookah Fact Sheet Afrikaans The Truth About Hookahs PPT: English | Afrikaans Download Hubbly Bubbly Not So Lovely Poster Hubbly Bubbly Study Done by 4th Year UCT MBChB Students UCT Students Help CANSA with Hookah Research Medical Research Council Statement on Hookah Pipes WHO Report Waterpipe Smoking History of the Waterpipe The water pipe was invented in India during the 16th century by a physician named Hakim Abul Fath, who suggested that smoke should be passed through a small receptacle of water so that it would be rendered harmless. Contrary to this ancient lore and todays popular belief, the smoke that emerges from a water pipe contains numerous toxins known to cause lung cancer, heart disease and other diseases

However, based on the literature review, it is postulated that use of e-cigarettes could lead to lung health issues and be a risk factor for development of COPD among those who have never smoked
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