It mimics two natural hormones, GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), essential for appetite and blood sugar regulation
Studies have shown that they can regulate renal hemodynamics, inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve mitochondrial function, thereby delaying the progression of DN [225,226,227]
Elevated TMAO levels have been associated with increased risks of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and higher all-cause mortality in multiple epidemiological studies
The trials tracked dose escalation, adverse event frequency at different dose levels, and long-term efficacy across diverse populations
Bioidentical hormones are available in several personalized dosing and delivery methods, including creams, pellets, and patches, making them adaptable to many conditions and patient preferences