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Placenta 35 , 981988 (2014)

Conversely, treatment with specific beneficial bacteria enhances their protective effects, such as producing SCFAs and lowering uremic toxins, leading to the suppression of NF-B and TGF-/Smad pathways, reducing oxidative stress, and activating the Nrf2 pathway

STK40 is a pseudokinase that binds the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1

One potential explanation encompasses the already mentioned continuous exposure to antigen stimulation as well as oxidative stress entailing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is of great relevance for immune cells with a large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in their plasma membrane, since this makes them vulnerable to lipid peroxidation, causing a loss in plasma membrane integrity which ultimately results in a compromised immune response [13, 17,18,19,20,21]

Masoom et al., 2018)