Elevated cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates voltage-gated calcium channels, transcription factors (particularly CREB), and other effectors
GLP-1 is a crucial incretin hormone that regulates blood glucose, promotes satiety, and has become a therapeutic target in managing type 2 diabetes and obesity
The dizziness appears distinct from more common side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation
Single daily dosing suits general recovery and maintenance while split dosing at 0.25 mg every 12 hours maintains more consistent tissue levels beneficial for acute injuries
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 58 randomized controlled trials involving over 16,400 participants with diabetes found that SGLT2 inhibitors reduced Hb1AC levels, promoted reductions in body weight, and decreased systolic blood pressure (Vasilakou 2013)