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New developments on the adenosine mechanisms of the central effects of caffeine and their implications for neuropsychiatric disorders

We publish educational articles, research summaries, protocol overviews, and safety considerations so you can understand what the evidence supports before you decide what questions to bring to a clinician or what claims to discard

k d ~10 8 10 9 M, respectively)

In general, the harmful effects of excess ROS on the cell most often include damage of DNA, oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in lipids (lipid peroxidation), oxidation of amino acids in proteins and oxidatively inactivate specific enzymes by oxidation of co-factors (Brenneisen et al., 2005

doi: 10.1038/S41591-021-01433-3 14 ByrneEA