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Therefore, DPP-4 inhibitors may have pleiotropic effects

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This is why some individuals struggle with weight loss despite significant efforttheir endogenous GLP-1 system is simply underperforming

These results indicated that liraglutide promoted macrophage repolarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in vitro, and that liraglutide could prevent or resolve inflammation at the tissue level

According to reports, the stimulation and maintenance of the myofibroblast phenotype are dependent on the transforming growth factor- (TGF-)/Smad, wingless/Integrated (Wnt), and yes-associated protein 1 (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling pathways (Figure 1) (Piersma et al., 2015