In the presence of persistent stimuli, autophagy, known as cytotoxic autophagy, has anticancer effects ( Figure 3 Ferroptosis is a unique iron-dependent mode of nonapoptotic regulated cell death, that involves iron-mediated accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress and dysfunction of antioxidative defense ( Figure 3 )
Their impact on mental health is a key area of study
Evans RW, Shaten BJ, Hempel JD, Cutler JA, and Kuller LH (1997)
Sheng B, Truong K, Spitler H, Zhang L, Tong X, Chen L (2017) The long-term effects of bariatric surgery on type 2 diabetes remission, microvascular and macrovascular complications, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Takeaway Weight loss affects both fat and muscle