and alkaloids like berberine predominantly target AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent metabolic reprogramming, indirectly suppressing mTOR-driven growth (Hashim et al., 2024
Although thyroid hormone production in follicular cells is iron-dependent, iron overloadresulting from hepcidin-mediated ferroportin blockade, macrophage-derived ferritin uptake, and heme catabolismand resultant oxidative stress can trigger their degeneration through the ferroptosis pathway (179)
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