A 2023 review in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism highlighted that GLP-1s can delay gastric emptying significantly, especially at higher doses or early in treatment.44 Another study found that just over 5% of patients experience gastroparesis and it was more likely when using liraglutide or dulaglutide when compared with semaglutide.45 A 2024 cross-sectional analysis in Pharmaceuticals examined the GI side effects of semaglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, and exenatide in over 10,000 adults with T2DM or obesity from the National Institutes of Health All of Us cohort.45 They found that abdominal pain was the most frequently reported GI issue (57.6%), followed by constipation, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, GI bleeding, gastroparesis, and pancreatitis
al, Responses of criterion variables to different supplemental doses of L-carnitine L-tartrate. J Strength Cond Res
Activated PKC also leads to enhanced transcriptional activity of the critical immune modulatory transcription factor, NFB
The treatment difference for semaglutide 14 mg did not demonstrate a superior reduction in A1C (%) compared to liraglutide 1.8 mg at week 26 (PIONEER 4)
Holmannova D, Borsky P, Svadlakova T, Borska L, Fiala Z
