However, the available evidence strongly suggests that smoking acts as an independent risk factor that exacerbates the severity and progression of chronic viral hepatitis, increasing the risk of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis, and potentially impacting treatment efficacy
Associations between liver histology and severity of the metabolic syndrome in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
A growing number of studies examining how dysbiosis might drive NAFLD have identified a number of plausible mechanisms, including changes in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism, increased intestinal permeability and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes, endogenous ethanol production, decreased choline availability, and trimethylamine production (69)
It is important to note that the complex interplay between smoking, viral hepatitis, and other cofactors like alcohol necessitates the further research
WangZHallSDMaya JF LiLAsgharAGorskiJC
